自然生草桃园表层土壤水分和草地地上生物量的空间分布及其关系

【目的】阐明桃树果园短期自然生草条件下土壤水分空间分布特征及其与草地地上生物量的关系。【方法】以信阳沙壤土五月鲜桃园为研究对象,在冬春季短期自然生草条件下,采用1 m×1 m网格采样法,以经典统计学和地统计学半方差函数为工具,研究表层(0~5 cm)土壤水分和草地地上生物量空间分布特征。【结果】表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量和地上草地生物量符合正态分布,平均体积含水量为10.08%,95%置信区间为9.84%~10.32%,变异系数为16.36%,0.2 m×0.2 m草地地上生物量均值为9.17 g,变异系数为56.71%。区域田块尺度上,自然生草桃园草地地上生物量和表层(0~5 cm)土壤水分空间分布均符合指数函数模型,模型块金值/基台值分别为0.477 3和0.499 8,变程分别为7.20和2.51。即二者均具有中等程度的空间依赖性,草地地上生物量较表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量具有更强的空间依赖性。克里格插值结果表明,表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量和草地地上生物量空间上呈斑块状分布,且表现为距离树体越远值越大的分布特征。相关分析结果表明,地上生物量与表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量之间极显著正相关(P<0.001)。【结论】果园短期自然生草有利于保蓄表层土壤水分,改善土壤水分条件,草地地上生物量是影响果园表层土壤水分空间分布的重要因素。     

离子交换纤维对麦田土壤铅污染的修复效果

为探讨土壤Pb污染的治理方法,通过盆栽试验,比较了离子交换纤维的两种不同放置方式(分层放置与混匀放置)对麦田土壤Pb污染的修复效果。结果表明,在土壤1 000 mg·kg~(-1) Pb污染水平下,Pb污染处理(T1:Pb胁迫;T2:Pb+在土壤中分三层放置纤维;T3:Pb+在土壤中混匀剪碎的纤维)的土壤pH值、总有机碳含量较对照(CK:未添加Pb和离子交换纤维)有所降低。在小麦成熟期,T2、T3处理下土壤和植株各部位的Pb含量均低于T1处理,其中T3处理变化显著;T2、T3处理中纤维吸附的Pb含量则分别达到115.01和128.26 mg·kg~(-1)。T2、T3处理的Pb富集系数低于T1处理及CK。由此说明,离子交换纤维能够有效吸附土壤中的Pb,降低Pb从土壤向植株的转运能力,且离子交换纤维混匀放置方式的修复效果较好。     

Allochrony as a potential driver for reproductive isolation in adaptive radiations of European whitefish ecomorphs

In northern Fennoscandian lakes, monophylogenetic lineages of postglacial fishes are radiating into several adaptive forms, but the speciation process is still at an incipient stage. The speciation process has received increased attention over the years, but the underlying mechanisms and drivers are still debated and poorly understood. European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus [L.]) is the most abundant fish species in these lakes and has evolved into several ecomorphs adapted to different trophic niches and habitats. Genetic divergence has been observed among these ecomorphs, but the mechanism(s) responsible for the ongoing build-up of reproductive isolation has still to be revealed. As these systems are young in evolutionary time (<10 kyr), prezygotic and postzygotic extrinsic isolation mechanisms are thought to be more likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation than intrinsic isolation mechanisms. We determined the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of three ecomorphs in two replicated lake systems and used GSI as a proxy to investigate the prezygotic isolation mechanism, allochrony, as a driving factor of divergence in this adaptive radiation of whitefish. We found that the three ecomorphs differed in GSI values within and between lakes, suggesting different spawning times of the ecomorphs. We also show that males of one ecomorph had equal onset of maturity as another ecomorph, giving novel insights into the ongoing gene flow observed between ecomorphs. The result supports allochrony as a driver for the divergence process of whitefish ecomorphs, but more evidence is still needed to rule out that the three ecomorphs make use of different spawning grounds.     

Habitat associations of the Threatened pugnose minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae) at the northern edge of the species range

Pugnose minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae) is a small, reclusive species that is widespread in North America, but is one of the rarest fishes in Canada, found in less than 12 known localities in southwestern Ontario. In contrast to most pugnose minnow populations across the global range, Canadian populations are primarily found in turbid systems, potentially indicating persistence in suboptimal conditions. We used data from a multi-gear species and habitat survey in the Canard River, Ontario, a system dominated by agricultural inputs and the best-known capture site of the species in Canada, to parameterise multi-gear occupancy models for understanding the relationship between pugnose minnow occupancy and microhabitat features, including the role of turbidity. Almost 300 pugnose minnow were captured, representing the largest single collection of the species in Canadian history. The best occupancy model indicated that the probability of pugnose minnow occupancy was highest in the deepest sites with the lowest water clarity (i.e. high turbidity); however, competing models suggested that occupancy was highest at sites with wild celery (Vallisneria americana) and higher water clarity, signifying that habitats with low turbidity may be utilised if sufficient physical cover exists. Together, our results suggest that Canadian pugnose minnow populations occupy and potentially favour turbid conditions, possibly to avoid visual predators in clearer habitats. It remains uncertain whether this abiotic association represents a long-term, viable, local adaptation or whether persistence of pugnose minnow in the Canard River is at risk unless significant water quality improvements can be made.     

11个北高丛越橘品种对干旱胁迫的响应

【目的】揭示北高丛越橘对干旱胁迫的响应机制并筛选出耐旱性较强的越橘品种。【方法】以11个北高丛越橘品种1年生扦插苗为试材,分别为‘蓝丰’‘瑞卡’‘双迪’‘斯巴坦’‘卡拉’‘伊丽莎白’‘钱德勒’‘布里吉塔’‘公爵’‘甜心’‘埃利奥特’,研究干旱胁迫对光合生理特性的影响,并评价不同品种的抗旱性。【结果】干旱胁迫20 d后,北高丛越橘品种脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、过氧化氢酶活性、胞间CO_2浓度均显著升高,而净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光系统Ⅱ实际光量子产量和电子传递速率均显著降低。通过主成分分析,将16项生理生化指标转化为3个互相独立的综合指标,累计贡献率达85.74%。主成分1主要反映叶片生理特性、抗氧化酶活性及主要的叶片荧光参数等信息,主成分2主要反映叶片气孔功能信息,主成分3主要反映叶片光合作用相关信息。通过聚类分析,将11个北高丛越橘品种划分为3个类型:‘甜心’‘公爵’和‘蓝丰’为抗旱型,‘布里吉塔’‘伊丽莎白’‘瑞卡’和‘埃利奥特’为中间型,‘钱德勒’‘双迪’‘斯巴坦’和‘卡拉’为不抗旱型。根据抗旱性综合评价值,11个北高丛越橘品种按照抗旱性由高到低排序依次为‘甜心’‘公爵’‘蓝丰’‘布里吉塔’‘伊丽莎白’‘瑞卡’‘埃利奥特’‘卡拉’‘斯巴坦’‘双迪’‘钱德勒’。【结论】采用主成分分析、隶属函数法、聚类分析等相结合的方法对北高丛越橘苗期耐干旱胁迫能力进行评估,可以较好地揭示性状指标与耐干旱胁迫能力的关系。11个北高丛蓝莓品种中‘甜心’‘公爵’和‘蓝丰’耐干旱胁迫能力较强。     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

Comparing the behavioural thermoregulation response to heat stress by Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) in two rivers

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme thermal events in rivers. The Little Southwest Miramichi River (LSWM) and the Ouelle River (OR) are two Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers located in eastern Canada, where in recent years, water temperatures have exceeded known thermal limits (~23°C). Once temperature surpasses this threshold, juvenile salmon exploit thermal heterogeneity to behaviourally thermoregulate, forming aggregations in coolwater refuges. This study aimed to determine whether the behavioural thermoregulation response is universal across rivers, arising from common thermal cues. We detailed the temperature and discharge patterns of two geographically distinct rivers from 2010 to 2012 and compared these with aggregation onset temperature. PIT telemetry and snorkelling were used to confirm the presence of aggregations. Mean daily maximum temperature in 2010 was significantly greater in the OR versus the LSWM (p = 0.005), but not in other years (p = 0.090–0.353). Aggregations occurred on 14 and 9 occasions in the OR and LSWM respectively. Temperature at onset of aggregation was significantly greater in the OR (T_onset = 28.3°C) than in the LSWM (T_onset = 27.3°C; p = 0.049). Logistic regression models varied by river and were able to predict the probability of aggregation based on the preceding number of hours >23°C (R² = 0.61 & 0.65; P₅₀ = 27.4°C & 28.9°C; in the OR and LSWM respectively). These results imply the preceding local thermal regime may influence behaviour and indicate a degree of phenotypic plasticity, illustrating a need for localised management strategies.     

国内土壤环境污染防治进程及展望

综述以中国2005—2019年土壤污染防治进程的3个阶段为主线,总结土壤污染防治发展过程中管理模式、治理体系、管控要求、机构改革、立法支持等5个方面重要转变,分析国家和地方土壤环境保护标准、法律法规政策和主要土壤污染治理成效。针对国内土壤污染防治未来发展趋势,从完善土壤环境标准及管理制度、建设监测及预警大数据平台、加强土壤生态环境国际合作、持续推进土壤修复技术攻关和先行区经验推广等方面提出建议,以期为生态环境高水平保护和经济社会高质量发展提供参考。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果研究

本试验比较了不同浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。结果表明:试验药剂35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂在水中分散性良好,700倍用药量(有效成分量为41.2 g/hm^2)防治桃小食心虫的速效性和持效性均良好,14 d后防效达到最大值,为99.1%。试验证明,氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂可用来防治果树桃小食心虫。     

硅对水稻生长的影响及其缓解镉毒害机理研究进展

为研发高效硅肥和防治农田镉污染提供借鉴资料,本文综述了施加硅肥对水稻生长发育的影响,包括提高水稻产量和品质,增强抗倒伏、抗病虫害及干旱等逆境的能力,尤其是增强抗镉毒害等能力。并从生理学机制和土壤学机制两方面重点分析了施加硅肥对缓解镉毒害作用的可能机理。生理学机制方面：硅通过参与水稻的生理代谢活动,使水稻抗氧化系统酶的活性和清除自由基的能力增强;抑制镉的吸收及其在水稻体内的运输;硅与镉在水稻体内的螯合和区隔作用。土壤学机制方面：硅肥改变土壤理化性质,降低土壤中有效态镉的含量;硅镉吸附沉淀作用,减少水稻对镉吸收。最后针对硅肥的开发利用及技术推广提出展望。